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  #946  
Old 07-18-2018, 11:24 AM
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18 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
(German: Unternehmen Friedensturm): High-water mark of the War. End of Unternehmen Friedensturm. Great Allied counter attack on 27-mile front between Fontenoy (6.5 miles north-west of Soissons) and Belleau (6 miles north-west of Chateau-Thierry). Franco-Americans, backed by 2000 guns, attack at 0435 hours. French Tenth Army (Mangin) including US 1st and 2nd Divisions (among 9) supported by 223 tanks (62 hit), achieves complete surprise, and advances up to 4 1/2 miles. French reach Monte de Paris (1 mile from Soissons) and 5 miles of Crise Valley, east of Buzancy. South of Ourcq, French and Americans secure line Marizy-Hautvesnes-Belleau. South of Marne Germans reach St. Agneau. East of Reims French retake Prunay and defeat Prussian Guard east of Prosnes. Allies take 12,000 PoWs and 250 guns from 11 German divisions.
Flanders: Ludendorff holds morning Mons conference (with Rupprecht, army commanders and staffs for projected ‘final offensive’ Hagen scheduled early August), thrown into confusion by news of Marne debacle. Ludendorff immediately sends 2 divisions to threatened front, but news of fresh defeats abruptly ends conference. Army Group Crown Prince William orders 14 German divisions south of the Marne to retire, Ludendorff cancels planned thrusts around Reims and halts transfer of Bruchmueller’s artillery to Flanders. At 1535 hours Rupprecht is ordered to dispatch 2 more divisions to Reims, his diary comments ‘no doubt that we have passed the zenith of our successes’. Ludendorff rows with Hindenburg twice as latter insists on counter-attack from north of Soissons.
French 1st Air Division gives close support to Allied ground attack (for heavy losses) at Chateau-Thierry and Soissons. Comprises 590 aircraft in 2 Groupements each with 12 escadrilles Spad S.13 fighters; 1st Groupement has 9 escadrilles Breguet 14 day bomber and reconnaissance aircraft; 2nd Groupement 6 Breguet escadrilles. RAF (aircraft attached to French XI Corps) also gives support. Allies lose 34 aircraft (14 to JG1) to 8 German. Sergeant Willi Gabriel of Jasta 11 scores 4 victories. Germans regain air supremacy over parts of Marne battlefield (July 22, when 41 Allied aircraft lost for 2 German; until August 6).
French Schneider tanks: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...495765939548161
French Chasseurs cyclists resting near the forest of Villers-Cotterêts during the French counteroffensive: © IWM (Q 78084): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...556172171530240
Airplane raid on Kent; no casualties.
British soldiers picking cherries near Robecq, France: © IWM (Q 11080): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...223985102442497
RAF officer training to fire a gun in a moving “cockpit”: © IWM (Q 10370): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...254190042906627
Ruined church of Saint-Venant, France: © IWM (Q 70565): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...586381071503361
British pilot holding a stuffed owl toy at the aerodrome near St. Omer: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...616588260171778

Eastern Front
Following the assassination of Tsar Nicholas II and his family, Soviet Cheka agents execute several relatives of the Romanov family in Alapayevsk. Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is shot, while the rest are thrown down a mining shaft and grenades are dropped in.

Political, etc
Austria-Hungary
: Debate in Reichsrat re: "German Course" of Austrian policy.
United Kingdom: Sir L. Worthington-Evans succeeds Lord Robert Cecil as British Minister for Blockade (see February 23rd, 1916).
Japan: Japanese Diplomatic Council approves U.S.'s proposal for intervention in Siberia.
South Africa: (Nelson) Rolihlahla Mandela is born in the village of Mvezo, South Africa.
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  #947  
Old 07-19-2018, 04:27 AM
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19 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
: French and Americans advance on Soissons-Thierry line, taking Vierzy (north of Ourcq) and Neuilly St. Front (south of Ourcq). South of Marne, French retake Montvoison. Franco-American troops with 195 tanks (50 hit) take 3,000 PoWs and 150 guns, advance 2 miles towards Soissons-Chateau-Thierry road, but German 20th Division regains this artery; south of Marne Allies recapture Montoisin.
Italian troops in France at the 2nd Marne Battle launch a counteroffensive against the Germans through the Ardre valley, forcing the Germans further back. However, the Italians suffer 9,334 casualties out of a total force of 24,000. British 51st and 62nd Divisions replace Italians.
US 2nd Division relieved after 5,000 casualties. British capture Meteren (west of Bailleul), taking 300 prisoners.
American postcard celebrating the battle: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...646783595646978
The first ever carrier-borne air strike takes place. From a position off the Lyngvig Light, HMS Furious launches seven Sopwith Camels (4 lost) modified to carry 2 x 50 pound bombs each, on a dawn strike against German dirigible sheds at Tondern at the mouth of the Elbe. The strike is successful, destroying Germany Navy Zeppelins L-54 and L-60 in their sheds. Three pilots fail to locate carrier, land in Denmark, another drowned at sea (future Air Marshal RAF Dickson one of the two pilots who returned).
HMS Furious in 1918, after the after gun was replaced by a landing deck, allowing aircraft to land on the carrier again: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...-1918.jpg?ssl=1
The planes on the deck of the HMS Furious: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...844305454845952

Eastern Front/West Asia Border Theater
North Caucasus
: British operations in Trans-Caspia begin (see August 26th).

Naval and Overseas Operations
United States cruiser San Diego sunk by mine off Fire Island (Atlantic coast), 6 lost.
French liner Australien (Messageries Maritimes) torpedoed in Mediterranean, 20 lost.
Troopship Justicia (converted from a White Star liner) torpedoed off north coast of Ireland, 10 lost.
Destroyer HMS Garry (ramming) and ML23 convoy escorts sink coastal submarine UB-110 off Yorkshire coast.

Political, etc
France
: Franco-Swiss Economic Agreement.
United Kingdom: British Ministerial changes. New British Assistance Foreign Secretary Lord Cecil’s statement of Allied trade policy.
War Cabinet refuses Churchill’s plea to halt ‘combing out’ which has halved tank production, Milner wants men naw not machines later. National Service Ministry finally convince Army of civil doctor priority need.
US Admiral William Sims made (honorary) G.C.M.G.
Statement of Lord R. Cecil re: Allies Trade Policy.
Denaturalisation Bill read third time in House of Commons.
Sedition Committee Report (Rowlatt) published in India.
Italy: Rumanians’ Action Committee formed to organize Rumanian PoWs of Austro-Hungarian Army into legions.
United States: Baseball ‘non-essential’ under ‘Work or Fight’ law.
Minor Allies: Honduras declares war on Germany (see May 17th, 1917).
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  #948  
Old 07-20-2018, 10:32 AM
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20 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
: German forces retreat across the Marne (see 18th). Allies claim 20,000 prisoners and 400 guns since 18 July. British, French and Italians advance in Ardre valley, in Boise de Courton, and towards St. Euphraise.
Charles Mangin has only 32 tanks but makes 8 attacks. British 51st and 62nd divisions attack but gain only a mile and 500 PoWs vs hidden MGs (Battle of Tardenois until July 31).
Flanders: Erich Ludendorff cables Crown Prince Rupprecht: ‘In view of the situation of the Army Group Crown Prince Wilhelm which … will absorb a still great amount of troops, and … the possibility of a British offensive action the ‘Hagen’ operation will probably never come into execution.’
French troops take cover as one of their tanks is hit: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...k-hit.jpg?ssl=1
Last attempt to attack the British Isles with aeroplanes (unsuccessful) [There were altogether 59 airplane raids against the British Isles during which bombs were dropped. There were also 11 reconnaissance flights over parts of Great Britain or in the vicinity of the coast when no bombs were dropped. See also May 19th and August 5th.] (see December 21st, 1914, and August 5th, 1918).
American soldiers advancing at Chateau-Thierry to lay down wire: © IWM (Q 70264): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...904713045790720
A kitten balancing on top of a 12-inch artillery shell of the Royal Garrison Artillery at Arras: © IWM (Q 6860): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...010408999051264
A German soldier captured in his dugout at Meteren: © IWM (Q 6847): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...233116592590848
British tanks advance at the 2nd Battle of the Marne, while German prisoners are made to carry the wounded back behind lines: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...263326394257410
British officers of the 39th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps, with their dog mascot: © IWM (Q 9070): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...323729371553793

Naval and Overseas Operations
North Sea
: British submarine HMS E.34 hits a mine and sinks with all hands off the Frisian islands: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...293530730803200
Atlantic: British destroyer Marne sinks German submarine UB-124, after the latter attacks troopship Justicia; Justicia sinks after long fight, following persistent attacks since July 19 by coastal submarine UB-64 (Schrader) and a coup de grace from UB-124.
German submarine SM UB-110, seen here under construction is later raised for study by the British: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...934913141854208

Political, etc
France:
Ferdinand Foch asks Georges Clemenceau to call up 1920 conscript class at end of 1918.
United Kingdom: Mr. Balfour replies to Hertling's "pawn" speech.
“Threatening” meeting of munition workers at Birmingham.
United States: Animated American propaganda film “The Sinking of the Lusitania” is released. It is one of the longest animated films for its time: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe....webm.480p.webm
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  #949  
Old 07-21-2018, 11:42 AM
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21 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
: Château-Thierry retaken by French forces, after Germans retreat 5 miles (night July 20-21) (see 18th, 20th, and May 31st). French reach Lassery-Chateau-Thierry road on broad front. Between Marne and Reims, Anglo-French recapture Bois de Courton, advance down Ardre valley, capture (then lose) Marfaux and Coutrim. US 1st Division relieved (7,200 casualties) by British 15th (Scottish) Division.
French and British soldiers operate together, with a Hotchkiss mle 1900 machine-gun ready to provide fire support: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...ss-mg.jpg?ssl=1
Allied troops close in against the Germans in the Marne Salient. Shaded lines are German gains in the recent offensive still in their hands, while solid black are areas recaptured in the Allied counteroffensive: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...702467187757058
Ruins of Meteren after its capture by the British during the 2nd Battle of the Marne: © IWM (Q 6837): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...338834784096256
Boys placing flowers at the graves for Canadian soldiers buried at Shorncliffe:
https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...335052218134528
American troops in a damaged church in Lucy, France: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...565303552552960
Indian troops resting on the road to Soissons on their way to relieve French and American forces: © IWM (Q 78897): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...595502340067328
American soldiers displaying a German mantrap found in no man’s land near Altkirch, France: © IWM (Q 80259): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...626964019806209
A mobile shower used by the Americans to degass soldiers exposed to poison gas: © IWM (Q 60978): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...687364480487424

Eastern Front
Kuban
: White guerilla Colonel Shkuto captures Stavropol by threatening artillery bombardment (no guns but Reds evacuate). Denikin has to help to keep town and barely repels Sorokin’s Red counter-stroke.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Palestine
: Yeomanry Division renamed 4th Dav Division, 5th Cavalry Division joins DMC.
Arabia: Hejaz Railway: 1,800 Arabs (over 80 killed), guns, armored car and RAF planes repulsed by Jerdun Station’s 400 Turks and Maan garrison resupplied.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Atlantic:
German submarine SM U-156 shells the town of Orleans, Massachusetts, sinking 1 tugboat and 4 barges. There were no casualties, but it is the only German attack on the mainland US and the first foreign shelling since 1846.
Mozambique: Battle between British and Germans at Namirrue (near confluence of Rivers Namirrue and Ligonya).

Political, etc
United Kingdom
: Appeal of Ministry of Munitions to workers not to strike during critical battle.
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  #950  
Old 07-22-2018, 10:27 AM
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22 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
: Allies hold German counter-attacks between Ourcq and Marne, and cross Marne near Dormans at Chassons and Passy. Franco-Americans reach Bezu-Epieds. Ludendorff finally orders southern half of salient to be abandoned. General Henri Gouraud re-occupies former positions between the Suippe river and Massiges.
An American company advancing. In July 1918, there were already one million US soldiers in France: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...arsch.jpg?ssl=1
France: General Harry Rogers AEF QMG (Quartermaster-general American Expedition Forces) at Tours.
American medic treating a wounded soldier at Chateau-Thierry, France: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...974246959505409
Indra Lal Roy, the only Indian flying ace in the war with 10 victories, is killed in action over Carvin, France: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...004448406163457
American artillery in action near Torcy, France: © IWM (Q 58212): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...034651207503872

Southern Front
Albania
: Allied offensive in Albania checked (see 6th, 10th, and August 22nd).

Naval and Overseas Operations
Mozambique
: Action at Fort Namirrue (until July 23): Paul von Lettow’s night attack destroys 3/3rd KAR Battalion of Fitzcol after its river crossing. Germans take fort and first mortar, some ex-German Askaris rejoin.

Political, etc
Austria-Hungary
: Dr. Ernst Ritter von Seidler finally succeeds in resigning the office of Minister-President of Austria. Ex-Education Minister Baron Max Hussarek von Heinlein succeeds on July 24.
Germany: At Avesnes Hindenburg tells Kaiser that the latest 1918 offensive is a failure; Wilhelm tells diners at Spa ‘I am a defeated War Lord to whom you must show consideration’.
France: Civilian exodus back to Paris begins.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the US Assistant Secretary of the Navy, arrives in France on a trip to inspect Allied naval administrations.
United Kingdom: Resignation of Lord Lee as Director-General of Food Production.
Munitions Ministry declares threatened Coventry strike ‘an attempt to overthrow the policy of the state’.
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  #951  
Old 07-23-2018, 09:36 AM
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23 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne: Battle of Soissons
or the Battle of Soissonais and of the Ourcq phase begins [British dates] (see August 2nd): German defence tenacious by 27 divisions in line, but British take Marfaux (south-west of Reims). French and Americans continue advance north and south of Ourcq, reaching Oulchy la Ville and occupying Bois du Chatelet.
Somme: Battle of Moreuil or Sauvillers: French 3rd Division (1891 casualties) with 36 British tanks (11 disabled) advance 2 miles on 4-mile front towards Avre valley, capture the 3 villages, of Mailly-Raineval, Sauvillers, and Aubervillers, 1858 PoWs, 5 guns and 275 MGs.
Foch letter to Petain urges one main thrust on Fereen-Tardenois.
Allied losses over Marne (since July 16) 150 aircraft and 6 balloons to 27 German (since July 15). RAF Soptiwht Camel night fighter (Captain A Yuille) forces down a Gotha bomber over Etaples (3 PoWs), first of No 151 Squadron’s 26 bomber victims without loss (until November 11).
French cavalrymen pass British soldiers. The cavalry were still held in reserve in case of the breakthrough that never came: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...-brit.jpg?ssl=1
British troops advancing through Bois du Petit Champ, passing by a dead German soldier: © IWM (Q 11085): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...064850691305473
German prisoners bringing back a wounded soldier while under guard by British and French soldiers at the Bois de Reims: © IWM (Q 11099): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...336644140650496
A Swiss soldier working on a tunnel inside a mountain. Switzerland remains neutral while it continues to build up its defenses: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...366846963048449
British and French soldiers fighting together in Bois de Reims: © IWM (Q 11110): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...397055640653825

Naval and Overseas Operations
Atlantic
: British armed mercantile cruiser Marmora torpedoed and sunk by German submarine, 100 lost.
Mozambique: Retreat of Germans at Namirrue.

Political, etc
Russia
: Appointment of Herr Karl Theodor Helfferich (German ex-Minister of Interior) as Ambassador at Moscow.
Siberian Government at Vladivostok reigns; Proclamation of Siberian Government Council; another try at independence, restores Duma and landowners, annuls Red decrees and appeals for Allied recognition on July 25.
United Kingdom: Munition workers' strike at Coventry.
Mr. Herbert Hoover (U.S. Food Controller) at Mansion House, London.
King visits Grand Fleet.
Japan: Rice riots begin in Toyama Province of Japan, as people protest rising rice prices (the protests spread across the country and lasted for 2 months, resulting in thousands of arrests).
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  #952  
Old 07-24-2018, 04:21 AM
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24 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne: Battle of Soissons
or the Battle of Soissonais and of the Ourcq phase: French and Americans advance south of Ourcq towards Fere-en-Tardenois and along Marne in Forest of Fere (between Charteves and Jaulgonne).
Army Group Crown Prince reports 18 divisions unbattleworthy. Allies advance north of Chateau-Thierry towards Fere-en-Tardenois, reach line Oulchy-le-Chateau-Gaulgonne, and push along the Marne in Fere Forest. British advance north of the Ardre.
Bombon Conference of C-in-Cs at Foch’s HQ decides to expedite general counter-offensive. Foch aims first to free 3 great rail routes: (1) Paris-Verdun, (2) Paris-Amiens and (3) Verdun-Arricourt. (1) to be achieved by the ongoing French counter-offensive; (2) by Haig’s proposed Amiens offensive (Foch directive July 26); (3) by reducing St Mihiel salient (proposed by Pershing, Lieutenant-Colonel Marshall begins study today). Other follow-up operations to liberate North France coal mining districts and clear Calais-Dunkirk region. French Ninth Army (de Mitry) abolished due to narrowing front.
The first 1,650 pound 'SN' bomb, the largest bomb to be used by the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) during the First World War, is dropped on Middelkirke by a Handley Page 0/400 of No.214 Squadron.
Bespectacled German soldier surrenders. With his best men dead, Ludendorff replaced them with the unfit, the very young, and the middle-aged: https//i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/deutscher-ergibt-sich.jpg?ssl=1
British troops resting inside a shell hole after the capture of Marfaux from the Germans: © IWM (Q 6867): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...428529936859138
French, British, and Italian wounded soldiers at a dressing station in the Bois de Reims: © IWM (Q 11114): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...670086883651584

Political, etc
Austria-Hungary
: Dr. Baron Max Hussarek von Heinlein Minister-President.
Reichsrat secret session attacks military leadership and Piave failure.
Germany: 29 British officer PoWs tunnel out of Holzminden camp, 10 get home.
United Kingdom: General Smuts in London re: future of South Africa.
Birmingham munition workers' strike.
Scheme of Imperial Preference adopted.
United States: Fuel Administrator orders 4 lightless nights per week. No German in letters sent from US allowed from August 15.
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  #953  
Old 07-25-2018, 04:11 AM
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25 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne: Battle of Soissons
or the Battle of Soissonais and of the Ourcq phase: French retake Main de Messiges (east of Reims). Allies take Villemontoire (6 miles south of Soissons), Oulchy-le-Chateau (north of River Ourcq) and southern half of Forest of Fere. Ludendorff sanctions night pullback to Fare-en-Tardenois line for night July 27, orders Aisne-Vesle line defences on July 26.
RAF drops over 288t bombs on German Amiens sector rear areas (until August 1). Germans claim 31 aircraft for loss of 4.
Skeleton of a French gunner. Where the fighting did not allow burial, the dead are left behind: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...onier.jpg?ssl=1
French, British, and Italian officers eating lunch together in the Bois de Reims: © IWM (Q 11112): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...700286954524672
British soldiers taking captive a German prisoner in the Bois de Reims: © IWM (Q 11086): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...730488111824896
A British soldier looking at the recent graves of three German soldiers at the Bois de Reims: © IWM (Q 11091): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...792152534347779
American troops advancing towards German trenches at Choloy: © IWM (Q 70733): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...033731924709381

Eastern Front
Czechoslovaks capture Simbirsk (granary on west bank of Volga, 130 miles from Samara). Czechs take Ekaterinburg and form Regional Government.

Southern Front
Turks bomb RAF Imbros station (night July 25-26), 60 bombs, one fires hangar destroying 7 Sopwith Camels. RAF retaliate vs Galata (July 25-26 and 27).

Political, etc
Russia
: Allied Diplomatic Corps from Vologda reaches Archangel.
United Kingdom: Minister for Labour George Henry Roberts warns that workers who persist in the Birmingham munitions strike will be called up to fight in the war.
Speech of Mr. Lloyd George to Food Controllers of France, Italy and U.S.A.
Mr. Balfour at inauguration of Yugoslav National War Aims Committee.
Conference of National Engineering and Allied Trades' Council decides for strike if no settlement before 30 July.
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  #954  
Old 07-26-2018, 10:46 AM
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26 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne: Battle of Soissons
or the Battle of Soissonais and of the Ourcq phase: General retreat of Germans on Marne toward Epernay.
Partial capture of Buzancy by Scottish Division.
With this, the Battle of Soissons peters out.
Major Edward Mannock VC is shot down and killed by ground fire after shooting down a German LVG at very low altitude near the German front line at Lestrem. Although authors have quoted varying victory totals for this pilot, current research suggests that the LVG was Major Mannock's sixty-first kill.
https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...447721058394112
A German baggage train on a congested road on the Western Front: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...tross.jpg?ssl=1
An American machine designed to dig trenches: © IWM (Q 70732): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...100434452971521
Black Watch soldiers about to encamp near Saint-Imoges during the 2nd Battle of the Marne: © IWM (Q 11093): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...160836821958657
Blind women putting together magazines and books written in braille for wounded soldiers blinded in the war: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...417523994779653


Eastern Front
Bulk of French Expeditionary Force troops join the North Russia Expeditionary Force at Murmansk (see June 23rd).

Southern Front
A Swiss soldier in the high Alps observing the fighting between Italy and Austria-Hungary: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...063936479416320

Eastern Front/West Asia Border Theater
Azerbaijan
: Central Caspian Dictatorship of five topple Reds in Baku and invite Dunsterforce. Turks capture 1 British Duncar and 2 lorries to west.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Mozambique
: 28 Gold Coast Mounted Infantry surprise German baggage train on river Ligonha, take 21 porters and 2 Germans, but most captors and PoWs taken on July 27 leaving only 65 out of 165 troopers.

Political, etc
United Kingdom
: British Government declare to M. Petrov that they have no intention of infringing the territorial integrity of Russia (see August 6th).
Government issues official warning to striking munition workers: after 29 July, alternative is return to work or military service.
Women factory workers arriving to work at a munitions factory in Gretna: © IWM (HU 82171): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...477927106129921
Japan: Japan announces that it will join the Allied intervention against Soviet Russia in order to assist the Czechoslovak legion and oppose Bolshevism.
United States: Airplane number 1000 is completed inside the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company to be shipped to France: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...130640223985669
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  #955  
Old 07-27-2018, 09:02 AM
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27 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
: General German retreat north of Marne; cavalry and tanks pursue, but the Germans have railway alternative to Soissons and still hold city. Allied troops reach line Bruyeres-Chaumuzy. (Bruyeres three miles west of Fere-en-Tardenois). Chaumuzy on River Ardre, south-west of Reims).
Indian lancers of the British Army on the Western Front: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...front.jpg?ssl=1
RAF forms a Communications Squadron at Hendon to operate in the VIP transport role.
French troops wounded and blinded by poison gas being led back from the front: © IWM (Q 6864): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...508138745016320
A French plane brought down behind German lines: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...777381382221825
American soldiers playing a game of craps at Winchester: © IWM (Q 70731): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...807581205651456
American and British officers resting at an officers’ club at Winchester: © IWM (Q 72742): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...837781549260800

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Palestine
: c.150 Sikhs mount a trench raid 3 miles from sea.
Mesopotamia: Royal Navy parties from gunboats Moth and Mantis leave Baghdad with 3 guns for Caspian (Commander Norris follows on July 28).

Naval and Overseas Operations
North Sea
: Armed yacht Vanessa depth charges and sinks coastal submarine UB-107 off Scarborough.

Political, etc
United Kingdom
: Mr. Montagu, Secretary of State for India, on Indian Constitutional Reform.
Australia: Launching ceremony for the Australian light cruiser HMAS Adelaide: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...747180384362496
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  #956  
Old 07-28-2018, 10:18 AM
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28 July 1918

Western Front
On this date in 1918, it was exactly four years since the start of the “Great War”, with the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia.
It is 106 days until the armistice which ended it (although much fighting continued in Eastern Europe, with the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Civil War, various European nations wars of independence).
Second Battle of the Marne: A relative lull in the battle; only some minor activity. Fère-en-Tardenois retaken by Allied forces. British retake Montagne de Bligny (Ardre valley).
Since July 26, Allies (most of 5 US divisions engaged until July 31) have advanced 4 miles on 20-mile front. They cross the Ourcq. Dotted lines represent the farthest German advance, while the dark areas are the German’s current territory: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...139767100338176
Foch puts French First Army under Haig for Amiens operations and asks that Rawlinson’s planned August 20 attack be advanced to August 8 due to critical Marne situation.
The British Commander-in-Chief on the Western Front, Sir Douglas Haig, is inspecting Canadian troops: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...uppen.jpg?ssl=1
Canadian journalists and nurses at the ruins of the No. 3 Canadian General Hospital at Doullens, France that was bombed by German airplanes: © IWM (Q 9125): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...898195838451714
German prisoners captured during the 2nd Battle of the Marne held at Mareuil: © IWM (Q 6876): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...171222509641731
American machine gun crew in action on the Western Front: © IWM (Q 108327): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...201422731427840

Political, etc
Canada
: Albert Goodwin, English labour activist active in Canada, is shot and killed while he was on the run for evading conscription. The killing causes widespread labour unrest in British Columbia: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...867982551269376
Minor Allies: Brazil: German banks ordered to cease operations (finally closed October 16).
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Old 07-29-2018, 10:02 AM
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29 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
: German positions north of Oulchy-le-Chateau stormed. French capture Grand Rozoy. French and British capture Buzancy. Australians capture Merris and advance in Morlancourt sector, south of Albert. British Amiens concentration begins at night, with camouflage and strict security.
German General Cappard resists fiercely between Fare-en-Tardenois and St Euphrasie. Petain concedes Germans have escaped trap.
German soldiers in action on the Western front: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...fecht.jpg?ssl=1
French FT-17 tanks after an attack near Grisolles: © IWM (Q 58238): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...231622664146945
Ruins of Cloth Hall in Ypres, a structure dating to the 13th century, destroyed by artillery: © IWM (Q 9174): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...261820944044034
British troops returning from the front after capturing Montagne de Bligny hill: © IWM (Q 11090): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...577658930671617

Southern Front
Italian aircraft designer Gianni Caproni with his Ca.42 heavy bomber: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...517253084635137

Naval and Overseas Operations
Eastern Mediterranean
: British transport Hyperia (52 lives lost) sunk by U-boat 84 miles from Port Said.
St George’s Channel: Asstistant USN Secretary Franklin Roosevelt and First Sea Lord Sir E Geddes visit Queenstown base, south Ireland.
American destroyers using depth charges against a German submarine: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...487054708203521

Political, etc
Russia
: Facing the occupation of Arkhangelsk & Valdivostok, Lenin proclaims de facto state of war vs Allies. SOVNARKOM allows Trotsky to mobilize ex-officers (22,315 by November 30), those refusing to face concentration camps. Trotsky calls Czechoslovak Corps ‘Almost the most important factor.’
United Kingdom: Munition workers' strike at end, under threats of hefty fines and forced labor for life for strike leaders.
United States: American surgeon and inventor George Fell, who led development into artificial ventilation and the first electric chair, passed away: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...547453772099584
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Old 07-30-2018, 09:48 AM
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30 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
: Strong German resistance all along line. At St. Euphraise (south-west of Reims) German counter-attack fails. Remigny captured by Allied forces. American poet and journalist Sergeant Joyce Kilmer killed on Ourcq (165th Infantry Regiment, 42nd Division).
German paramedics in action in the trenches: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...raben.jpg?ssl=1
American soldiers digging a trench near Nanteuil-sur-Marne: © IWM (Q 69952): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...592754243399680
American 7th Infantry soldiers being transported after being relieved from the front: © IWM (Q 58203): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...835601643220992

Eastern Front
Field-Marshal Hermann von Eichhorn, commanding German Army in The Ukraine, assassinated in Kiev (see April 29t, Boris Donskoy, a member of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. General Günther von Kirchbach succeeds as German C-in-C Army Group Kiev (August 8); Hugo von Kathen replaces him in command of Eighth Army in Baltic area (July 31).
Field Marshal Hermann von Eichhorn: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...865800665509888

Southern Front
Frank Linke-Crawford, Austro-Hungarian ace with 27 victories, is killed in action over Italy: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...926203269361664 There is controversy surrounding his death, as with many of the WW I aces: his aircraft may have simply disintegrated, as he was flying Lohner-built Aviatik D-I during the fight; Lohner had deviated from the manufacturing specifications, and many of the Lohner-built aircraft crashed due to wing failure.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Channel
: Collier Q-ship Stock Force (Lieutenant H Auten wins Victoria Cross) sunk after engaging coastal submarine UB-80 25 miles southwest of Start Point, near Plymouth (severely damaged).

Political, etc
United Kingdom
: Wings of the British Handley Page bomber are folded up before being stored in a hangar at the Andover aerodrome: © IWM (Q 66103): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...896003051769856
United States: American soldiers and sailors enjoying the beach at Coney Island: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...607855008624640
Minor Allies: Onondaga Indians declare war on Germany.
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Old 07-31-2018, 04:15 AM
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31 July 1918

Western Front
Second Battle of the Marne
: Severe fighting round Seringes (north-east of Fere-en-Tardenois); finally left to Americans. French now control main east rail line between Chateau-Thierry and Epernay. The 4 British divisions return to BEF zone (until August 7).
Meuse: German gas shell French Neuilly sector with 340,000 rounds (850t) mustard gas; 3,400 gassed (68 deaths).
Germany: 12 DH9s (7 lost) of No 99 Squadron (Taylor) dispatched to Mainz (alternate Saarbrücken); 5 aircraft bomb Saarbrücken, attacks by 3 fighter waves (total 40) decimate formation; 2 fighters damaged, No 99 squadron non-operational until August 20. IAF’s July losses 15 bombers.
Western Front, Air: German night bombing of Allied troops south of Aisne. Allies have lost 200 aircraft and balloons over German Seventh Army alone since July 15. French July loss of 67 aircraft worst month in 1918. During July Germans claim 505 Allied aircraft for loss of 129. Record 1,478 German aircraft delivered in July.
Air combat between British and German fighters over the Western Front: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...front.jpg?ssl=1
France: During July Record 313,410 US troops land in Europe including 6 divisions and 34 aircraft (total now 1,210,703 men).
American soldiers engaging with the Germans in Villers sur Fre, France: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...956410185474048
Bhupinder Singh of Patiala visits a damaged monastery on Mont des Cats, France, accompanied by Indian, British, and French officers and soldiers: © IWM (Q 7934): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...986603449049089
Black Canadian soldiers with ammunition on the Western Front: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...197991341670401

Eastern Front
Northern Russia
: Allies seize Archangel (until August 1) with little shooting (2 casualties) thanks to Russian Navy officers’ help. Some of the 1,500 British Elope Force also take Onega on White Sea.

Naval and Overseas Operations
North Sea
: Flight Sub-Lieutenant Culley successfully takes off in Sopwith Camel from a lighter towed by destroyer Truculent.
Allied and neutral shipping losses July 1918: 95 ships (37 British with 202 lives) worth 259,901t (British 165,449t); U-boat figure 113 ships worth 280,820t including 39 ships of 76,864t in Mediterranean (10 ships with 235t to Austrians); 6 U-boats sunk.

Political, etc
United Kingdom
: Lord R. Cecil accepts recommendations of Royal Commission on Foreign Office reforms.
Lord Lansdowne's letter re: conditions of Peace discussions.
Speech of Mr. Lloyd George to Manufacturers.
Sir Charles W. Fielding appointed Director-General of Food Production.
Month’s coal output record lowest at 15,760,000t due to flu epidemic. Sir Charles Fielding new Director-General Food Production (Lord Lee resigned July 22).
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  #960  
Old 07-31-2018, 10:31 PM
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I love the little "side" notes, like the flu epidemic affection coal production. This has really been a fascinating story of "The war to end all wars." (If only that had been the case.)

Thanks again, GG, for doing this for us.
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