Western Front
Battle of the Somme: British advance northwest of Eaucourt; French advance east of Morval.
Battle of Verdun: OHL letter to German Crown Prince decrees that ‘every unnecessary saphead and length of trench must be evacuated’ to spare troops for the Somme.

Eastern Front
Germany and Austria announce an independent Kingdom of Poland.
Romania ends the Flămânda Offensive into Bulgaria due to pressure by gunboats on the Danube and the deteriorating situation in Transylvania.
Battle of the Cerna and Monastir begins, aimed at Bulgaria (see November 19th and December 11th).

Southern Front
After two days of fighting, Italian troops successfully defend Mont Colbricon from Austro-Hungarian attacks.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Armenia: Russian forces renew their offensive against the Ottomans, with the attack aimed at Sivas.

Political, etc.
France: Second War Loan (until October 29) earns Fr 10 billion.
United States: William Andrews Clark, Jr. donates $2 million he made in war profits to aid French widows and orphans.
Greece: Due to a shortage of cash, the Greek government suspends payments to civil servants and other financial obligations.

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On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.