Western Front
Seven of 11 Zeppelins drop 201 bombs (57 on London), 2 civilian casualties. Second Lieutenant WJ Tempest in B.E. 2 of No 39 Squadron RFC shoots down Navy airship
L-31 (Mathy) at Potters Bar, north of London, 19 dead, no survivors (night October 1-2).
In October German Army now has 205 divisions (198 in September), 128 in the West.
Battle of the Somme: The British begin two limited-objective attacks as sub-phases of the Battle of the Somme:
Battle of the Transloy Ridges (until October 18): British Fourth Army advance with 5 Tank Mk I between Eaucourt and Le Sars (on Albert-Bapaume road) on 3000-yards front. This is a joint attack with the French 6th and 10th armies.
Battle of the Ancre Heights (until November 11) begun by Reserve Army with 4 Tank Mk Is.
Eastern Front
Transylvania: Battle of Petrosani (until October 3): Rumanians retreat to frontier. Falkenhayn put in command of Austrian First Army (Arz) as well.
Russian troops advance towards Lemberg (Lviv) and claim to have captured 4000 German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners.
Southern Front
Austro-Hungarian troops save 7 Italian soldiers who were trapped for a week underneath the rubble of a bunker on Monte Cimone.
Italians take trenches in Transvenanzis Valley (Trentino).
Serbs progress north-east of Kaymakchlan, and occupy important Bulgar positions.
Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Armenia: In October Turkish Third Army (reformed into 6 divisions of I and II Caucasian Corps) has 50,000 deserters till heavy snow forces many back for food. Kemal takes over Second Army which loses 2 divisions to Mesopotamia and 3 more dissolved. Turks muster only c. 94,000 yet Russians estimate 344,000 so Yudenich overmans winter lines.
Naval and Overseas Operations
Germany: In October 119 U-boats in service, 96 available for operations. Flanders new longer-ranged coastal submarines UB-II type sink 298 ships (104 neutral) worth 289,558t (until January 31, 1917) esp British colliers supplying French industry (39% reduction of delivery). UC-II minelayers lay 128 new minefields (953 mines) that sink 60 (13 neutral) ships worth 82,379t between Flamborough Head (British East Coast) and Gironde estuary (Southwest France).
North Sea: Mediterranean: Kaiser telegram congratulates the Mediterranean based U-boats on sinking over 1 mt.
U-35 fetches German agent Lt Canaris from sailing boat off Cartagena for return to Germany from Spain; she sinks new British-built French sloop
Rigel off Algiers (October 2).
East Africa: British begin to evacuate 12,000-15,000 malaria cases (until October 31). Over 12,000 South African soldiers sent home.
Political, etc.
Germany: Germany moves back their clocks one hour as the very first daylight savings time ends for the country.
United Kingdom: Great Britain move back their clocks, as its daylight savings time also ends for the first time.
The time in Ireland is also adjusted to match the rest of Britain. Before, it was 25 minutes 21 seconds behind Greenwich Mean Time.
Major General F.B. Maurice: “We are perfectly satisfied…The tide has turned strongly against the Germans.”
United States: Galusha Pennypacker, an American Civil War veteran who was the youngest brigadier general at age 20, died:
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